Welcome to the 3^rd issue of 2025 for the Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology (PJST). PJST is an open-access journal for studies in Science and Technology published by Universiti Putra Malaysia Press. This issue contains 25 articles; three review articles; one case study; and the rest are regular articles. The authors of these articles come from different countries namely Afghanistan, Brazil, China, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Malaysia, Pakistan, South Korea and Thailand. All the papers published in this edition underwent Pertanika’s stringent peer-review process involving a minimum of two reviewers comprising internal as well as external referees.

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Date of Input: 14/05/2025 | Updated: 14/05/2025 | kiranraj