Welcome to the fourth issue of 2022 for the Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology (PJST). PJST is an open-access journal for studies in Science and Technology published by Universiti Putra Malaysia Press. This issue contains 35 articles; four review articles and the rest are regular articles. The authors of these articles come from different countries Bangladesh, Indonesia, Iraq, Japan, Malaysia, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia. All the papers published in this edition underwent Pertanika’s stringent peer-review process involving a minimum of two reviewers comprising internal as well as external referees.

Date of Input: 04/10/2022 | Updated: 06/01/2023 | marlina_is